Are there different degrees of security with SSL Certificates?

Security, no. Warranty, yes.

All of the certificates are essentially the same level of encryption and security.

Typically, the only difference in SSL certificates is whether they show the "lock icon" or the full "green bar".

The full "green bar" certificate is perceived to be more valuable/secure because the business has to be vetted and you have to use a dedicated server. As an example, check out Basecamp.com's full green bar.

The warranty values differ for each of the certificates but almost no one on Earth submits warranty claims.

https://ssl.comodo.com/support/ssl-technical-faqs/what-does-the-warranty-actually-mean.php

https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/116860/has-anyone-ever-claimed-a-warranty-on-an-ssl-certificate